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From the Beginning of Time - Revision Notes

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  CBSE Class 11 History Revision Notes Chapter 1 : From The Beginning of Time Story of Human Evolution Points to remember: 1.  Phases of Evolution Stage 1 - Early Societies a. Ape b. Australopithecus c. Homo erectus (literally ‘upright man’) d. Homo sapiens (literally ‘thinking/wise man’) Stage 2 Hunter-gatherer Societies Modern Humans Hunters and Gatherers 2. Places of Evolution The earliest fossils of modern humans where found in: ETHIOPIA - 195,000-160,000 years ago, SOUTH AFRICA - 120,000-50,000 years ago, MOROCCO - 70,000-50,000 years ago, ISRAEL - 100,000-80,000 years ago, AUSTRALIA - 45,000-35,000 years ago, BORNEO - 40,000 years ago, FRANCE - 35,000 years ago. 3. Social Aspects Food Shelter 4. Economic Aspects Farming Domestication of animals Trade 5. Cultural Aspects Paintings Stone Tools 6. Sources Fossils Stone Tools Bones 7. Phases of Stone Age 8. Present day Hunter-Gatherers i. Role of both-men and Women in present society SNIPPETS FROM THE CHAPTER Phases of Evolu...
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From the Beginning of Time - Solutions

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  CBSE Class 11 History NCERT Solutions Chapter-1  From the Beginning of Time NCERT Textbook Questions Solved Q1. Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13. (See NCERT Textbook). Can you list the inputs that went into tool making? What were the processes that strengthened by tool making? Ans.  After going through the positive feedback mechanism following points can be inferred: (a) The Inputs that helped in making tool: (a) Bipedalism which led to freeing of hands. Large brain size and increased capability (b) The processes which were strengthened by the making of tools were: Upright walking. tool making strengthened man's technical skill. Visual surveillance, long distance walking while foraging and hunting. man cold trap fur bearing animals and use the fur for clothing. Q2. Humans and mamas such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy. This indicates that humans have possibly evolved from the apes. List these r...
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Writing and City Life - Revision Notes

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  CBSE Class 11 History Revision Notes Chapter-2: Writing and City Life SNIPPETS FROM THE CHAPTER I. Ancient Mesopotamia  Geography:  City life began in Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words 'mesos', meaning middle, and 'potamos', meaning river.) It is a flat land between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers that is now part of the Republic of Iraq. In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture Agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BCE. Soil was very fertile here but agriculture was threatened because of natural causes. Ur, Lagash, Kish, Uruk and Mari were some of its important cities. The excavation work started 150 years ago. Urbanisation Mesopotamian civilization was based on definite plan.   Cities and towns are develop when an economy develops in spheres other than food production that it becomes an advantage for people to cluster in towns. Urban e...
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Writing and City Life - Solutions

  CBSE Class 11 History NCERT Solutions Chapter – 2 Writing and City Life NCERT Textbook Questions Solved I. Answer in brief Q1. Why do we say that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanisation? Ans . We often said that natural fertility and high level of food production are the causes of the early urbanisation beacause: Natural fertility encourages settled life and agricultural production. It paved the way for animal husbandry. Fertility of soil was also helpful in beginning of new occupations. Flourishing trade and commerce is also another major factor for urbanisation. The development of art of writing and administration played a very critical role in the development of urbanisation. Q2. Which of the following were necessary conditions and which the causes of early urbanization, and which would you say were the outcome of the growth of cities: highly productive agriculture water transport the lack of met...
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An Empire Three Continents - Revision Notes

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  CBSE Class 11 History Revision Notes Chapter 3: An Empire Across Three Continents SNIPPETS FROM THE CHAPTER Sources:  There is a rich collection of sources to study Roman history, like - texts, documents and material remains .   1.  Archaeological :  a) Amphitheater, b) Amphorae, c) Colosseum, d) Statues, e) Aqueducts 2.  (Literary) Written :  (A) Texts -  Histories written by Contemporary Historians (B) Documents 3.  Aerial Photographs Documentary sources include mainly inscriptions and  papyri . Inscriptions were usually cuton stone, so a large number survive, in both Greek and Latin. The ‘ papyrus ’ was a reed-like plant that grew along the banks of the Nile in Egypt and was processed to produce a writing material that was very widely used in everyday life. Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters and official documents survive ‘on papyrus’ and have been published by scholars w...
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